TWA Flight 800 Essays

TWA Flight 800 Essays TWA Flight 800 Essay TWA Flight 800 Essay Paper Topic: Flight TWA Flight 800 Name: Course: Date: TWA Flight 800 Reasons for Accident The Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 800 on July 17 1996 smashed close to the city of New York, explicitly in the Atlantic Ocean in closeness to East Moriches. The plane was planned to leave John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York to Charles DeGaulle International Airport in the capital city of France, Paris. All the 230 travelers on board including even the pilots, engineers and the airline stewards kicked the bucket. As indicated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the conceivable reason for the mishap was ascribed to the explosion of the fuel tank in the inside wing (CWT). The blast prompted the irritation of the ignitable blend of fuel and air in the CWT (NTSB, 1996). Auxiliary and Mechanical Factors The auxiliary and mechanical variables associated with the mishap included the sign of a defective circuit that irritated the blast in the fuel tank. The broken circuit was arranged outside of the inside wing fuel tank. Because of a short out, there was a creation of serious vitality, which was sufficiently high to deliver a start that set off the blast. Evidently, the short out caused an unbalanced electric voltage that entered through the electrical cabling. Subsequently, the electrical wiring framework was related with the sign component for fuel amount. Subsequently, the over the top voltage set off a flood in the electrical wiring close to the fuel tank that started start of the inflammable fuel and air blend (NTSB, 1996). Contributing Factors The contributing variables related with the TWA Flight 800 mishap were ascribed to the affirmation and structure idea of the fuel tank. In particular, the plan and capabilities depended on the counteraction of blasts coming about because of fuel tanks. The idea incorporating the structure and accreditation focused on the counteraction of fuel tank explosions. The anticipation of the blasts was to be done by barring all start supplies. Also, another preventive measure in regards to the structure and affirmation of the plane was the avoidance of planes with heat sources underneath the fuel tank and lacking intends to diminish the warmth transmitted into the tank or the level of combustibility of the fuel fume in the CWT (NTSB, 1996). Examination Board Findings The NTSB was one of the primary bodies associated with the examination of the TWA Flight 800 Crash. Furthermore, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) additionally performed examinations for the reason for the accident. This is on the grounds that the proof from a critical number of onlookers showed that a rocket hit the plane and caused the accident. Since NTSB didn't have the approval to do a criminal examination, the FBI got included. The discoveries indicated that touchy parts predictable with the ones utilized in explosives and rockets were obvious in the trash. The discoveries by the FBI crashed into the NTSB discoveries since the FBI implied that a criminal assault was performed through the revelation of dangerous follows obvious in warheads and bombs (Milton, 2000). Proposals The proposals spiraling from the examination of the NTSB were generally focused on the structure and affirmation norms of the plane, support of airplane frameworks, fuel tank and start sources and inflammability of the fuel tank. The key proposal gave is the decrease of the temperature in the CWT. This should be possible by moving the cooling units, which are the main warmth flexibly, path from the CWT. Protection, can likewise be included between the CWT and the conditioners. Proficient protection would diminish the transmission of warmth to the CWT (United States, 2000). Results One of the significant results coming about because of the TWA Flight 800 mishap was the usage of the solid and novel security conventions at the nation’s air terminals because of the rocket hypothesis declared by the FBI. Cutting-edge, the conventions are as yet watched carefully in all air terminals, in the nation. Thusly, exacting guidelines in regards to support and investigations have been executed which forestall the upsurge of risky conductors. In addition, the utilization of fuel with lower flashpoints has been underscored (United States, 2000). For example, JP-5 has been given as a substitute to Jet A fuel. JP-5 is less combustible than the Jet A fuel and subsequently can slow down blasts in the fuel tank. References Milton, P. (2000). Quickly: The FBI examination of TWA flight 800. New York: Random House. National Transportation Safety Board (1996, July 17). Airplane Accident Report. Recovered from ntsb.gov/examinations/synopsis/AAR0003.html/ US. (2000). TWA flight 800: July 17, 1996: Accident examination. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB.

Hank Kolb Case

HANK KOLB CASE ANALYSIS coming up next are the issues that Kolb’s creation line needs to address: 1. Staff †the administrator of the filling gear isn't reasonable for the activity on account of absence of information and legitimate preparing 2. The filling gear †the machine isn't especially intended for filling the Greasex jars. It was initially made for other reason. 3. Upkeep †there is no distinct calendar of preventive support for the filling hardware. 4. Buying †specialists from buying have not yet concluded on a provider that has non-faulty spout to fit on the spout heads 5. Item structure and bundling †the molded state of the can is seen to be infectious by the creators in view of its simpler to be held component. However, Kolb considers the to be as issue for filling 6. The assembling administrator †in spite of the ideal creation quantity from Simmons, have a few issues for cost upgrades and decreased conveyance times that Kolb needs to re-consider before filling in Simmons for advancement 7. The advertising †the acquaintance of Greasex was hurried with showcase regardless of whether the item is still somewhat off-spec Proposals: Using the Six-Sigma Analysis, Kolb ought to take care of the serious issues of his creation line utilizing the DMAIC as suggested underneath: 1. Characterize (D) ?Identify clients and their needs. ?Recognize a task appropriate for Six-Sigma endeavors dependent on business destinations just as client needs and input. ?Distinguish the CTQs (basic to-quality attributes) that the client considers to have the most effect on quality. Kolb ought to have as a main priority as of now the wellbeing of the items to clients, not simply target unit deals. Being the new Director of Quality Assurance, he should look carefully to the procedure and actualize improvement to which the means are raising a ruckus or perhaps wipe out or change what is raising the ruckus. It is additionally significant that he has a functioning rundown of client inputs that he would allude to each time he attempts to improve his procedures. 2. Measure (M) ? Decide the measure the procedure and how it is performing. ? Distinguish the key inward procedure that impact the CTQs and measure the deformities right now produced comparative with those procedures. Kolb can utilize the three devices I. . Run Charts, Pareto Charts and Checksheets to quantify the procedure and deformities that are found (as a rule in type and number of client grumblings). In the wake of seeing the impacting components and sorts of imperfections, he will have the option to choose whether supplant or improve these affecting variables. 3. Break down (A) ? Decide the most probable reasons for s urrenders. ? Comprehend why deformities are produced by distinguishing the key factors that are not prone to make process variety. Kolb can utilize the Fishbone Chart to examine the reasons for the issues in his profession. The first reason for imperfection in quite a while creation line is the filling gear in light of the fact that the machine isn't initially intended for its present procedure. Kolb needs to conclude whether to keep utilizing it or to supplant it with gear particular for a particular action which is filling the containers. The work force is likewise one explanation behind deformities as a result of lacking information in his line of employment. The buying division additionally caused deserts since they gained inadequate spouts on a provider just to stay aware of the requests. 4. Improve (I) ? Distinguish intends to expel the reasons for deserts. Affirm the key factors and evaluate their deformities on the CTQs. ? Distinguish the greatest acknowledgment scopes of the key factors and a framework for estimating deviations of the factors. The Opportunity Flow outline will be helpful for Kolb in this progression. To address his concern with the work force, he can send the individual for a c onventional preparing and testing. Or then again he can supplant the faculty with an increasingly qualified person. He may likewise supplant the filling hardware which is the primary driver of the deformity †which surpasses the weight of the jars. He likewise has a ton to examine with the bundling, buying and promoting divisions on numerous issues with the item. 5. Control (C) ? Decide how to keep up the enhancements. ? Set up devices to guarantee that the key factors stay inside the most extreme acknowledgment goes under the adjusted procedure. Kolb will make some troublesome memories to improve the procedures in the creation line however nature of the item ought not be underestimated. When the upgrades are executed, he should even now have an ordinary timetable of support of at any rate once every month to guarantee all supplies and procedures are checked.

What Kinds Of Psychological Transformation AA Members Undergo Essay

What Kinds Of Psychological Transformation AA Members Undergo - Essay Example Their puzzling 12-advance program is advanced as one of the best strategies for the treatment of dependence by numerous experts and analysts. Unexpectedly, no one knows precisely how the means work for habit and why the technique is so groundbreaking for its individuals. What will AA individuals experience during the AA action? The mental change among AA individuals may address this inquiry. That is the reason we need to take a gander at the 12-steps intently and concentrate how it applies to drunkards and their internal excursion from looking for help, to overcoming liquor addiction, to accomplish temperance. A part who finished the 12-steps program is well on the way to encounter the entire mental change as he accomplishes restraint towards the end. The 12-steps and 12 customs are the essential precepts of AA. The 12 customs are known as the point of view of AA. This keeps AA mysterious, non-strict and non-benefit. The 12 stages can be characterized as a bit by bit program for individuals to follow. When a part carefully follows the initial step, at that point he can proceed onward and start with the second. After he experiences all means and comprehend and exemplifies the entirety of the means, he will accomplish long haul restraint. At the point when an individual takes part in the program, he experiences an incredible change than will lead him to quit drinking. Those encounters incorporate conceding feebleness, request for the â€Å"higher power†, admission and another social relationship. In spite of the fact that the real achievement pace of AA is difficult to assess, a few scientists have discovered practical information to reflect how AA succeeds. Hal Arkowitz and Scott Lilienfeld, in their online article, â€Å"Does Alcoholics Anonymous Work?† portray the measurement about AA. The creators refer to an examination called â€Å"Project Match†, gave in 1997 demonstrates that AA is viable in accomplishing collectedness through restraint. The analysis separated in excess of 900 heavy drinkers into three distinct treatments. One is mostly 12-steps program related with a

Introduction to Policy Process Framework Dissertation

Prologue to Policy Process Framework - Dissertation Example A reality important is that without such an administrative approach, a large number of the private guarantors misused shoppers in various manners. For instance, customers of medical coverage needed satisfactory data concerning the accessible administrations offered in the commercial center. Every one of these partners contributed tremendously to the improvement of the arrangement that requires private back up plans to have an intelligent commercial center. Shoppers perceived that the approach would put them in a superior situation to comprehend the distinctive accessible arrangements and settle on the correct decision concerning the favored medical coverage inclusion. Conference with various partners and intrigue bunches prompted the improvement of the approach that should have been actualized by private guarantors (Tate, 2012). In particular, the administration displays a proportion of control on the superior rates characterized by private back up plans. The legislature does as such to guarantee that private insurance agencies don't misuse Americans. There was a warmed discussion concerning the structure of the commercial center since it contrasted from what numerous partners knew. The advancement of the structure of the cutting edge commercial center relied upon the perspectives on all the partners. The Affordable Care Act has arrangements that speak to redistributive approaches. In particular, the Affordable Care Act plots that rich Americans ought to be profoundly burdened so that the assessments can cover the medical coverage of lower social class. There is a current hole between the privileged and the lower class on the grounds that the rich approach more chances. A nearby investigation of the uninsured in the United States uncovers that the lower class can't bear the cost of medical coverage inclusion. Furthermore, the lower class is prevented openings from securing having medical coverage inclusion due to the excellent rates controlled by the insurance agencies (Morgan and Boardman, 2012).

Risks and Optimal Capital Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risks and Optimal Capital Structure - Essay Example USA being a exceptionally green and knowledgeable market surroundings. Risks tend to be closely correlated with returns anticipated. The additives of dangers that are unique to US on my own consist of: 1. Inflation threat._ inflation can provide a manner to preserve up with or stay ahead of inflation. It is described as the rise in standard ranges of fees. During excessive period of inflation, there is a threat that the financial return of an investment will not preserve pace with the inflation charge. It reduces the buying strength, except; this risk varies form one funding to the opposite. Small groups may be severely affected due to the fact this danger can not be insulated towards such threat. 2. Market risk: _ the charges of shares, bonds, mutual price range and various commodities and even offerings can also range due to the behaviour of traders within the marketplace vicinity. As a end result, economic increase isn't always as systematic and predictable as maximum buyers would possibly believe. Periods of rapid enlargement are followed with the aid of intervals of recession; it can be quite tough to sell investments like real property. Fluctuations within the market rate for shares and bonds may have nothing to do with the essential modifications inside the economic health of small agencies. Common causes of such fluctuations may be caused by political or social conditions. 3. 3. Interest rate danger _ this hazard is associated with a hard and fast return funding in desired stocks or government bonds. It is the end result of modifications in the hobby fees within the economic system. The fee of these fixed investment securities and borrowed investment funds decreases whilst usual hobby rates boom. 4. Global funding risk__Nowadays small businesses have come to be global hubs, as the arena has turn out to be increasingly more interconnected into a worldwide village. Small traders maintain their investments in overseas companies and different international gamers and this creates additional risks due to trade fee in global currencies as change rates at once have an effect on returns. Five. Business failure risk_ that is associated with the opportunity of terrible control, unsuccessful merchandise, opposition, or many other factors that can reason the commercial enterprise to be much less profitable than originally expected. Lower profits could mean lower dividends or no dividends in any respect. Businesses also can close down due to financial ruin too. Optimal capital shape manner that organizations decide on what the first-class ratio is, between fairness or owners capital and borrowed or debt need to be. When such is carefully executed, groups need to reduce borrowings as lots as to avoid paying excessive hobby on them. Incases from capital contributed from outsiders, companies need to first pay them (obligatorily) before paying themselves .This posses the query of keeping an top of the line capital shape to groups irrespective of their value. REFERNCES 1. Financial management journal vol.33, 2004. 2. Www.Fma, 2007 three. Geoffrey A.Hirt and Stanley block, fundamentals of funding management 2003. Four. Kapoor Dlabay, personal finance sixth edition 2001. Five. Richard loth, www.Investopedia.Com, comparing a agency's capital structure, Oct

Ecotourism Local Singapore - Free Essay Example

A Case study of: Pulau Ubin Island, Singapore Introduction Background Many developing countries frequently use ecotourism as an excellent tool for promoting sustainable development. In many instance, ecotourism is suitable way to protect natural environment and create socio and economic benefit for the local community. What David Weaver says that interest in ecotourism is rationalized among tourism planners and marketers by number of potential assumption regarding sectors environmental, economic and socio cultural benefits (Weaver 1999). There are some ecotourism projects that support to the local community. On the other hand, many ecotourism projects have failed to address some fundamental issues and dont generate the very benefits that are expected to provide by ecotourism. Economic gain of ecotourism may turn into social and environmental damages when inadequately planned and implemented it. Anyhow, ecotourism has continued to gain popularity over the two decades and has developed into worldwide phenomena that show no signs of slowing down. The fact is that ecotourism is one of the rapid growing sectors in the tourism industry (Sharpley 2003). The demand for ecotourism is increasing at an annual rate of 10 to 30 percent (TIES 2000). In this circumstance, it is important to recognize possible physical environment, socio-cultural and economic impacts and its effectiveness as a strategy for sustainable development. Problem statement There are lot of negative impact on the environment and local community due to unsustainable planning and management of ecotourism (Honey 1999). In rural areas, managing and controlling the development of ecotourism may be somewhat complex because of lack of experiences on the subject of the carrying capacity of the host destination. Therefore, it is necessary to have an assessment of potential physical environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impact of ecotourism for the planning of sustainable ecotourism development in an area. Further Analyzing the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for sustainable development of a particular area is important to carry on development activities in future. In that way, Pulau Ubin doesnt experience rapid urbanization like other parts of Singapore. Still it has its own nature and unspoiled environment. But, Singapore government implements several ecotourism development projects on this small island right now. Those projects are so much problema tic and controversial. There are strong voices regarding environmental protection of the Island. Thus, indentifying potential impacts of ecotourism and its compatibility for sustainable development must be studied in Pulau Ubin Island Singapore. Justification of the study According to available literature, ecotourism is growing rapidly in Singapore (Herbig). At the same time, one of the problems regarding ecotourism is that it is developed without satisfying knowledge of the impacts on local environments. It is a rather new type of tourism and yet there are few clear papers written in this field particularly about Pulau Ubin. Therefore, it is better studying about potential physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impact of ecotourism and its compatibility for sustainable development in Pulau Ubin Island Singapore. Therefore this research attempts to fulfill these objectives as much as possible. Objectives of the research and research question Objectives of this research are To assess possible physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism To investigate the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. The following research question will be used to address the purposes of the research What kind of impacts are on the physical environment, economic and socio-cultural due to development of ecotourism? What sort of factors should be taken into account before introducing ecotourism in the Pulau Ubin Island? How ecotourism can be utilized as a tool for local sustainable development Study Area Pulau ubin is the second the largest, first one is Pulau Tekong, offshore island of Singapore. It is located in the strait of johor just opposite to Changi. Pulau Ubin has been described as being boomerang shaped. Pulau Ubin is about 8 Km length and 1.3 to 1.7 Km breadth with the area of 10.3 Km2. It is almost flat land. The highest point is Puaka hill. It is around 74m height from sea level. Pulau Sekudu or Frog Island (opposite Chek Jawa), and Pulau Ketam (opposite Ubin Lagoon Resort) are the two major offshore islets which are very near to the Pulau Ubin. There are several rivers which are meandering through Pulau Ubin in which Sungei Besar and Sungei Mamam are the main rivers. Pulau Ubin is made up mostly of granite. This controls the much of the activities of the island. Especially the name Pulau Ubin arises from this crucial geological structure. Pulau Ubin doesnt experience rapid urbanization and industrialization like main land of Singapore. Still it has its own traditional w ay of living. Most of the people inhabit with the scattered settlement model. Major portion of the population around two third is Chinese and rest is Indians and malays. Major activities of income are subsistence farming, commercial fishing and net-cage fisheries, prawn farming, coconut plantations and so on. This small island is very popular for leisure and recreation activities among local and international tourist. (https://www.wildsingapore.com/ubin/places/geography.htm). Figure 01 Map of the Study Area Methodology Research design Research design helps researcher to decide research approach. That is to say, either qualitative or quantitative or the combination of both. Further, research design put a basic for analyzing the collected data. This will lead the researcher to think of time availability, practical problems and so on (Kitchin and Tate 2000). There are no specific rules and regulations as to how to develop research design. When Kitchin and Tate (2000) point out regarding research design, it is very difficult to give a guideline as to how to design a research. Most of the time, research design is the outcome of the knowledge and imagination of the researcher (Kitchin and Tate 2000). This means, research design comes from researchers own view and judgment. Selection of the research methods will vary according to the nature of the research. Besides, a research method depends on the research problem, research question and experiences of researcher. Accordingly, I adopt qualitative methods in this research to perform well. A literature review will be done to get more information regarding this study. In fact, Secondary data will be used as a supportive data to the primary data. In this research, qualitative methods will be used as key method to get information since this is going to deal with environmental, Economic and socio cultural impact of the ecotourism. Most part of the research may deal with community based activities. Justification of the methodology The qualitative method that I choose in my research is based on the nature of the study. This research partially deals with social aspect. Therefore, qualitative method is considered more suitable to assess possible physical environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism. Crang (2002) points out that Qualitative approaches have enabled the study of, and emphasized the importance of, seeing economic activity as a set of lived practices, assumptions and codes of behavior. Further, Qualitative method is used to understand the lived experience and to reflect on it and sharing the meaning of everyday social world and realities (Limb and Dwyer 2001). In addition, qualitative method is used to collect about the activities, behavior and problems that the people face in their daily context. Further, qualitative methodology is considered as good to study about the diverse view of the stakeholders in the ecotourism since it involves with many different stakeholders interest. W hen we are more stick on the multiple meaning, representation then qualitative methodology is useful one (Limb and Dwyer 2001). Further, qualitative methods will help me to make sure the date that I am going to obtain from different interview in the field. In fact, qualitative methods have its unique features as I mentioned above. But there are certain limitations in the qualitative methods. For instance, sometimes it may be bias. That is to say, there is possibility to have researchers influence in the finding of the research. When many researchers use qualitative methods in their research, theme may be same, but interpretation of the same theme will be in different point of view according to researchers background. When Kvale (1996) points out regarding researchers bias, he says that, there is lack of objectivity in the qualitative research. Objectivity means here is freedom from being bias. There is another critique about qualitative methods that, information for the research use to collect from very small amount of respondents. Therefore it will not represent whole population or the society. Data Types, Sources and Collection This research will be contained both primary and secondary data. Most of the researches and other articles which are related to the study will be reviewed as secondary data. For instance, previous research about the Pulau Ubin Island. Basically, both primary and secondary data will be used to prove the objective of the research. Secondary data will be functioned as more supportive data to the primary data. Methodology of research Methodologically, this study will be carried out in three phases. Phase I concerns the literature reviews. This will be accomplished through searching literature on tourism and ecotourism to discover the possible impacts of ecotourism on visited destinations. The literature review covers books, articles, and website data which will be systematically assessed to identify the three major areas of economic, socio-cultural, and physical environmental impacts on eco-tourist destinations and ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. Primary factors of above mentioned areas will be identified that influence of ecotourism developments and their impacts on the local levels. Phase II applies the factors elaborated upon in Phase I to assess the Pulau Ubin Island. This will be done by using the data that I am going to collect in Pulau Ubin Island during the summer of 2008. The data collection will include observations, interviews with elected officials and some governmental and private business entities, tourists (if possible both international and national tourist) and some secondary data sources. Phase III these data will be assessed according to the identified factors for two purposes: first, to assess possible physical environment, Economic and Socio-cultural impacts of ecotourism in Pulau Ubin Island; second, to look into the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. Sample selection Respondents will be selected by using snowball sampling methods to address the research question and objective of the study. Snowball sampling methods will help the researcher understanding of the problem and research question. For example, key informants will be selected based on their professional status to get more and more relevant information. Tourists will be selected randomly including local tourist. This will diminish some kind of inconveniences to the researcher. Primary data will be collected through around 30 semi-structured interviews that will conduct with 30 people from June 15th to August 15th 2008. These interviews include: 14 villagers, 3 owners of restaurant, 2 employees of the restaurant, 4 employees from companies that are working in the study area, a person from central environmental authority of Singapore, a person from Ministry of Environment of Singapore and 5 tourists (both international and local). Therefore a total of 30 interviews will be conducted and analyzed as part of this research. Semi-structured Key informant and individual interviews In this research, primary and data will be gathered by using semi structure interview and direct observation. Semi structured interviews will be used to collect data from both individual and key informants. Semi structured interviews acts as an effective tool for collecting basic information stakeholders regarding ecotourism. Qualitative methods are methodologically appealing because they allow a wide range of experiences to be documented, voices to be heard, representations to be made and interpretations to be extracted. Open ended qualitative interviews are, after all, the obvious way of allowing people to speak for themselves about their own view and experiences of the world (Limb and Dwyer 2001). When we have interviews it generates lots of information very quickly. So it helps researchers to handle lot of topics of the research at a time. Sometimes, qualitative interview helps us to clarify the problems raised by the interviewer. Always interviews are really good for studying pe oples understanding of meaning, describing their experiences, clarifying their own perspective on their day to day live (Kvale 1996). There are certain critiques on the in-depth and semi structured interviews. That is to say, in-depth and semi structured interviews are very much dependent on the skill of the interviewer. This means, amount of the expected data is based on the expression of the interviewer and how interviewer interacts with informant. In many instance, interview may divert into another direction due to the skill of argument or interest of the informant and sometime there is chance to mislead the interviewer by the key informant (Mikkelsen 2005). This is also one of the disadvantages of having interviews. In the in-depth interviews, it is very difficult to keep important question from omitting that can address our research objectives. Always researcher has to be very careful on the topic and related question when he conducts interviews. Good interviews require expertise in both subject matter and interaction (Kvale 1996). In addition, flexibility of researcher in sequences and words of the interview may affect the result of the informant namely there may be different answers from the different perspective (Mikkelsen 2005). All interviews in this research will be carried out with take into account all of these strength and weakness of the interview. Interview guides are formulated to conduct these interviews (see appendix 01). Participant Observation Other than interviews, participant observation will also be engaged. Participant observation activities contain living with a family in the community, working with them and spending time to understand their activities, behaviors and so on (Laurier 2003). In that way there are possibilities to attain in tourism activities, and meetings of local residents in Puau Ubin Singapore. Participant observation will be used to harmonize and support the interview process in three ways; first, it yields insights that assist in the formulation of questions for interviews. Second, it makes easy relationships with local residents. Finally, participant observation offers the opportunity to confirm or question the information gained through interviews. When Smith (2001) points out there are lots of thing that can only be obtained through participant observation. Participant observation and interviews are not separate activities, but mutually informative methods. When Kitchin and Tate (2000) point out that direct observation is an inductive method to obtain fruitful information. It is important to note, however, that in this research the interviews are the primary source of data, while participant observation plays a supporting role. Data analysis Data of this research will be analyzed according to the theoretical frame work and objective and research questions of this research. The collected data in this study will also be analyzed according to the theoretical framework of the research. The collected date from interviews will be transcribed and coded into theme in relation to the concept, theory and interviewees response and researchers observations. In addition, secondary data will be analyzed by using text analysis. Use of the secondary date will help us to get more understanding of ground situation of the field. Validity and reliability In qualitative research, validity and reliability are two most important factors that should be taken into account when designing, analyzing and evaluating quality of the research. Conclusion of the qualitative research should be very strong and natural to accept it without further doubt or confusion (Kitchin and Tate 2000). There should not be bias in order to get validity and reliability in qualitative research. Validity in qualitative research is a tool to make sure the logical order, foundation, and soundness of the research (Kitchin and Tate 2000). Validity depends on the nature of the theme that we investigated in the field (Kvale 1996). Normally, validity in qualitative research means that true and certain of findings. It can be motioned in anther way that validity measures the truthful of how far reached its intended objectives. Researcher uses series of question to maximize the validity of the research. Each question should be justified in relation to the objectives and rese arch questions of the research to establish validity. Most of the time, validity interlink with empirical knowledge of the subject and area of the research. Reliability is some sort of trustworthiness of the research and findings. Validity and reliability are the two side of a coin because there is no reliability without validity. Presentation of validity will be good enough to reliability later. Patton (2002) says that ability and skill of the researcher in a qualitative research will have major influence on the validity and reliability. In addition reliability will depend on the respondents answer. Form instance, some informant will be reluctant to answer for some sort of question and sometimes they give sort of wrong or biased information. Therefore this will reduce the level of reliability of the study. I have planned to use a combination of qualitative methods to minimize the risk of bias. I will use both semi structured and direct observation to collect primary data. It helps me to crosscheck the data that I am going to collect in the field. I will keep my position as research student and try my best to convince my respondents. And also I will follow the ethical concept of conducting research. Further, snowball sampling method that I am going to use in this research will help me to get more correct or useful informant. This will increase validity and reliability of this research. Besides, there may be some kind of short comes in the date collection and interpretation. It is extremely not easy to avoid some unexpected incidents in the field. I as a researcher will try my best to keep validity and reliability of this research. Limitations Since Ecotourism and sustainable development is a broad topic, it is difficult to include all aspects. Therefore this research has been limited to identifying potential environmental, social and economical impacts of ecotourism and also, analyzing the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for local sustainable development. The study area has been limited to an Island to have in-depth study. Field work period is limited to two months. Researcher (me) may face some kind of language barrier in the field. Most of them speak Chinese. But there are people who speak either Tamil or English. Therefore, I hope that I would be able to manage it. Since the study area is very new for the researcher, it may consume few days to get familiar with the area and people. Reference Crang, M. (2002) Qualitative methods: the new orthodoxy? Progress in Human Geography 26, 5 pp. 647-655. Honey, M. (1999). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Kitchin, R. and Tate, N. J. (2000). Conducting Research in Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice, Pearson Education Limited, Essex. Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, Lund. Legends of Ubin [Online]// Wildsingapore web site. 2003. 03 15, 2008. https://www.wildsingapore.com/ubin/places/geography.htm. Limb, M. and Dwyer, C. (2001). Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issues and Debates. Oxford University Press, New York. Mikkelsen, B, (2005). Methods for Development Work and Research: A new guide for practitioners, SAGA Publications, New Delhi. Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.), Sage Publication, London. Paul Herbig, P( ?) CULTURE Influlences ON ECOTOURISM PARTICIPATION Marketing and the Environment Lecture Series Lecture 4: available at www.herbigandsons.com/lecture/Ecotourism.doc reviewed on 2008/04/21. Sharpley, R. (2003). Tourism: Tourists Society, ELM publication,Cambridgeshire. Smith, V. L., and Eadington, W. R. (ed) (1992). Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in the Development of Tourism, New York, John Wiley. The International Ecotourism Society, (2000) Ecotourism Statistical Fact Sheet, Journal of Travel Research. Available at https://www.ecotourism.org/WebModules/WebMember/MemberApplication/onlineLib/MemberApplication/onlineLib/Uploaded/Ecotourism%20Factsheet%202000.pdf reviewed on 2008/04/21. Weaver, D. B. (1999). Magnitude of Ecotourism in Costa Rica and Kenya, Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 792-816. Appendixes Appendix I Interview guide Individual Interview guide 01 Individual questions Your occupation? Your age? How long you are living in this area? What kind of economic benefits you gain from ecotourism in this island? What is your experience with ecotourism? Are you working in the tourism industry in this island? What economic activities are undertaken by your family members? What is your average income per month? How does ecotourism support you to improve standard of living? What is your perception on ecotourism in this island? General questions Is there any impact in this island due to ecotourism? Is there unemployment problem in this island? Could you observe any impacts on local employment in this island after set up ecotourism? How do the economic benefits from ecotourism support the services to the island? Most villagers are involved in which aspects of ecotourism? How do the villagers utilize their natural resources to support tourism? What are the local attitudes about sustainable ecotourism? What does the island still need to support sustainable ecotourism? How has the villagers quality of life been influenced by the advent of tourism? What are the negative impacts caused by tourism on the island? Key informant Interview guide 02 Individual questions When was these hotels established here? Why did you decide to establish ecotourism here? What is your experience with ecotourism? Have you observed any conflict related to community conservation? Do you think local people benefit from Ecotourism? How? General questions Who is the management authority? What is the source of funding for management of these hotels? What are the potential tourist attractions here? Where do visitors come from? International or local? What are the good and bad things about Ecotourism on the Pulau Ubin Island? Who is in charge of Ecotourism activities on the Pulau Ubin Island? What are the benefits and challenges about running ecotourism in this area? Does ecotourism contribute to the economic development on the Pulau Ubin Island? Does ecotourism contribute to conservation in the area? And How? What are the opportunities and constrains on livelihood or job in this area? What kind of challenges and opportunities are there in offering good services to the tourists? What types of outside influences are there in the ecotourism development? For instance political influence or public opinion on environment? Interview guide 03 For administrative officers What are the general objectives towards tourism? What are the specific objectives towards ecotourism development? What strategy (or policy) exists for ecotourism development in the Island? What legal documents exist to regulate tourism/ecotourism activities in the Island? What are the specific rules and regulations in these documents for tourism and ecotourism activities? What monitoring mechanisms have been put in place to monitor ecotourism development? What benefits have been realized in terms of ecotourism revenue (e.g. employment, conservation, services, other) for community development? What measures have been put in place to ensure that the local heritage is not threatened by the development of ecotourism in the area? Who are the major stakeholders involved in the management of the ecotourism in Pulau Ubin Island? What challenges have been faced with regard to ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What are the major constraints that inhibit ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What opportunities exist for ecotourism development in Pulau Ubin Island? What future plans exist for ecotourism development in this area? Interview guide for Tourist What are your motivations for visiting to this island? What did you like most during your stay on this island? What did you dislike about the stay here? What kind of gifts, souvenirs and services would you like to have available? What are you expectations from the trips to the island? Which elements of sustainable ecotourism do you believe the Island best meets? How did you travel to the area? What is your length of stay in this island? Number of people in your travel party to the island? How did you learn about the island ecotourism? Where are you from? What is your occupation? Who much money you are going to spend during your stay here? Age? Do you think you will travel to this island again? Do you have any other suggestion and comments of your visit? What do you think about ecotourism on the island? What are good things and bad things about ecotourism on the Pulau Ubin Island? Appendix II Work plan of report writing NO Program May 2008 June July August September October November December January February March April May June 2009 1. Proposal preparation X 2. Field work X X X 3. Literature review X X X X X X X 4. Writing outline X X 5. Organizing information X X 6. Analyzing X X X X 7. Organizing the report X X 8. First drat of the thesis X 9. Second draft of the thesis X 10. Finalizing the report X X 11. Submission of the report X 12. Preparation for viva X X

The Black Community Through Vocal Or Instrumental Sounds

For our group presentation, we chose topics in music that audibly engross the black community through vocal or instrumental sounds, which reflect conditions of black life. There are many facets of Black lives heard through music. Although there are countless themes throughout music that engages the black community, the central themes we focused on were relationships, sex, spirit and soul, rebellion, and transcendence. The various albums used throughout the semester just scratched the surface of how artist use music to speak to the meaning and condition of black life. During the semester, there were readings that corresponded to the albums we studied in class. These readings elucidated the themes we used in our presentation. In my personal†¦show more content†¦If I were having a bad day or bored, if I wanted to remove myself from the harshness of the reality of the streets I could do so by listening to music. Till this day music is passed on to my children from conception. 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